Genetic Link Between ADHD and Cannabis Addiction Discovered by Scientists

A new study published in Nature Mental Health reveals a genetic link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD). The discovery opens up new possibilities for early identification of those at risk of addiction and more effective prevention and treatment methods.

ADHD and Addiction Susceptibility

ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the daily functioning of children and adults. It is characterized by hyperarousal, impulsivity, and difficulty concentrating. The disorder has a strong genetic component, with an estimated heritability of ADHD of 74%. People with ADHD often struggle with additional mental health problems, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and conduct disorders.

People with ADHD are particularly vulnerable to addiction, including developing cannabis use disorder. Studies suggest that they are ten times more likely to develop a substance dependence than people without ADHD. Impulsiveness and a tendency to engage in risky behavior may be key factors in increasing this risk.

Research methodology

To investigate the genetic links between ADHD and cannabis use disorder, researchers conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The analysis included genetic data from thousands of individuals with ADHD, CUD, and the general cannabis population. The data came from meta-analyses of GWASs including individuals of European ancestry:

ADHD: 38,691 ADHD patients, 186,843 controls,
CUD: 42,281 individuals with cannabis use disorder, 843,744 controls,
Cannabis use: 162,082 individuals reporting lifetime cannabis use.

Key discoveries

ADHD and cannabis addiction genes in common – Scientists have found that 36 pieces of DNA (known as genetic loci) associated with ADHD overlap with those that increase the risk of cannabis addiction. These genes are particularly active in parts of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision-making.

Dopamine’s Role – The DRD2 gene, which affects dopamine (a neurotransmitter that regulates pleasure and motivation), plays a major role in both ADHD and cannabis addiction. This confirms that problems with the brain’s reward system may contribute to both disorders.

Cannabis Use and Addiction – Scientists have found that occasional cannabis smoking has a different genetic basis than addiction. ADHD shares more genes with addiction than with occasional cannabis use.

Genetic Risk – People with ADHD who had a higher number of specific genes associated with cannabis addiction had a 22% chance of developing the addiction, compared to just 1.6% for people without ADHD.

Gender and Addiction – Men with ADHD were 10% more likely to become addicted to cannabis than women. This may be due to hormonal or social differences.

Rare Genetic Mutations – Some people with ADHD and addiction were found to have rare mutations in their genes that may further increase their susceptibility to addiction.

Research Significance and Future Directions

These findings have important implications for prevention and early diagnosis. Polygenic risk markers can help identify those most at risk for addiction, which could lead to more effective preventive strategies. Additionally, the research could contribute to the development of new pharmacological therapies that target specific genetic pathways.

However, study limitations, such as the analysis of only European-Americans, require further research in more diverse populations. Next steps should also consider environmental factors such as stress, upbringing, and comorbid mental disorders.

Overall, the study confirms a strong genetic link between ADHD and cannabis use disorder, pointing to specific biological mechanisms responsible for this association. A better understanding of these links could lead to new methods of prevention and treatment for those at risk for addiction, the study authors say.

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(Featured image by chenspec via Pixabay)

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First published in Fakty Konopne. A third-party contributor translated and adapted the article from the original. In case of discrepancy, the original will prevail.

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